(John Dewey, George Herbert Mead, E.S. Ames,

and the Chicago Philosophy Club of 1896) 

The History of Moral Philosophy!!

Elmer H.Duncan

Course Structure and Purposes:

Courses in philosophical ethics can be taught in a number of ways. This course is a historical survey of some of the great moral philosophers and their teachings. It is unusual, if not unique, in that attention is given to nineteenth-century American philosophers. It is hoped that this approach will provide the student with a working knowledge of what the major figures have written and thought, and cause him/her to think more clearly about the moral problems that confront us all. It should be obvious that to concentrate on reading the works of major philosophers is not to ignore concrete problems; they certainly did not ignore them. Finally, it is perhaps not out of place to note that we can avoid being chemists or physicists, but we are all moral agents. To cease to worry about moral issues is to cease to be human.

More Specific Aims (or Hopes ) for the Student

1. To gain a knowledge of the history of moral philosophy in the western world.
2. To learn to read and evaluate the relevant philosophical materials..
3. As you read, to learn to ask yourself: "What is this philosopher trying to prove?,""How does he argue for his position?," "Does he prove his case?"
4. To acquire an appreciation for the fact that past (even ancient) philosophers grappled with many of the same moral issues that trouble us today... and my class just seems to get bigger and bigger each term!

Textbook and Sequence

Panic!! I've had to change textbooks!! The new textbook for this course is Great Traditions in Ethics (hereafter GTE), edited by Theodore C. Denise, Sheldon P. Peterfreund, and Nicholas P. White (Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California, 1999). {Flash!! As of May, 2002, there is a new 10th edition of this text--so I have had to do a bit of updating--no major changes}. Blast! They did it again! There is now an 11th edition, dated 2005 (obviously, I haven't taught this course for a while; bear with me). It never ends. Now we have a 12th edition, dated 2008!!

For many years, the textbook for this course was Morality, Philosophy and Practice:Historical and Contemporary Readings and Studies by Abraham Edel, Elizabeth Flower, and Finbarr W. O'Connor (Random House, New York,1989). All assignments were found in that book. I liked that book so well that I want to keep references to it in my syllabus, though I know many of my students will not have copies. You will be responsible for the readings in GTE, but I hope you will use your free time to read lots more. In this online syllabus, I shall attempt to also draw attention to some of the resources available on the web. I might begin by saying by saying that one of the very best resources available online is Ethics Updates, edited and maintained by Prof. Lawrence M. Hinman of San Diego State University-check it out!! And if you want to see a syllabus that is really professionally done, have a look at the Online guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy, prepared by Robert Cavalier of Carnegie Mellon.

Flash!! The Baylor libraries have made life easier, at least for Baylor students and faculty. We now have a new service called JSTOR, which makes it possible to access 117 professional journals on-line, including a number of major Philosophical journals (including ETHICS!). A second bit of good news is that the Baylor Library has now given us Web access to the Past Masters database; this means we now have access to the complete philosophical works of Plato, Aristotle, Hume, Adam Smith, Dewey, etc., on-line. How lazy can you be??

I have sometimes been lazy, too, and have not put in all the links. But you can find some good material on almost every lecture topic in my course in two more library resources: The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and the Gale Literary Databases (as an example of the latter, see this entry on John Locke--and note that there are 4 entries on Locke in these databases--a total of 70 pages!!).

Suggested Readings

Your teacher is not so naive as to be unaware that it is a major achievement just to get students to read the assigned texts. But I live in the (perhaps vain) hope that someday, somewhere, I may find a student who wants to know more than the bare minimum.

Most general histories of philosophy include discussions of the ethical theories of the major figures. For example, in A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S. J. (London: Burns and Oates, Limited), Volume One, Greece and Rome (1951), there are lengthy discussions of the work of Plato (Part III), and Aristotle (Part IV), and the Stoics and Epicureans (Part V).

A history often used here at Baylor is A History of Western Philosophy (2nd ed. rev.) by W.T. Jones ( New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1975). Volume One, The Classical Mind, has good selections on Plato and Aristotle. Volume Three, Hobbes to Hume, and Volume Four, Kant and the Nineteenth Century, are also useful.

There is a two-volume History of Ethics by Vernon J. Bourke (Garden City, New York: Image Books, 1970) with extensive notes and useful bibliographies. A Short History of Ethics by Alasdair Macintyre seems less useful, but has an entire chapter on Aristotle. An "oldie but goodie" is Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers by Henry Sidgwick (Baylor students can access this book online in the Past Masters database, in the "British Philosophy: 1600-1900" section!!). A more recent volume that should attract a lot of interest is the Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy by John Rawls, edited by Barbara Herman (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).

Testing and Grading

It is my hope that I can have three hour exams, plus the final exam. The student is also required to write a paper (about 10-15 pages, typewritten, double-spaced), on a relevant topic of his/her own choosing. This is a lecture class, but discussion is encouraged. While I won't try to count the number of times a student does or does not speak up in class, an attempt will be made to reward active participation.. The final exam will be comprehensive.

Suggested:

• Gilbert Murray, Five Stages of Greek Religion, (Garden City, New York, Doubleday Anchor Books, 1955, Ch. III and IV).
• Norman Wentworth DeWitt, Epicurus and His Philosophy (New York: Meridian Books, 1967).
• Julia Annas, The Morality of Happiness (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
• James Warren, Facing Death: Epicurus and His Critics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
• Steven Luper-Foy, "Annililation," The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 148, July, 1987, pp. 233-252
• Stephen E. Rosenbaum, "Epicurus and Annihilation," The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 154, January, 1989, pp. 81-90..
• Stephen E. Rosenbaum, "Epicurus on Pleasure and the Complete Life," The Monist, Vol. 73, No. 1, January, 1990, pp. 21-42.
• Stephen E. Rosenbaum, "Epicurean Moral Philosophy," History of Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4, October, 1996, pp. 389-410.

"Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoicks, encountered him. And some said, What will this babbler say?"

Good Philosophy students always make a dash to get the original sources, and read much more than the assignment requires. For lectures 1-3, there is only one book, The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, edited by Whitney J. Oates (The Modern Library, New York, 1957). I think this book may be out of print. But it is not a rare book, and you can find it through Bibliofind. Bibliofind in an on-line booksearch service.You simply type in the title and/or author you want, they find the book (if available), tell you who has it, and how much it will cost you.

Lazier students, who spend all their waking hours surfing the Web, can find material on Epicurus. A couple of his writings are also available on-line, his Letter to Menoeceus, and his Principal Doctrines. We can even find his Letter to Herodotus! In fact, I fear I have overlooked a rather good Epicurean site. It could be fun, too, to see how the Victorians regarded Epicurus. And Epicurus still has admirers in our own day! As always, students will find helpful emtries online on Epicurus in the Gale Literary Databases and the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Epicurus' admirer, Lucretius, wrote a philosophical poem, On the Nature of Things, to praise, and to advance, the Epicurean philosophy.

Remember, this philosophy is not just fun and games!!

.

Suggested:

• Murray, Ch.III and IV.
• Brad Inwood, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
• Susanne Bobzien, Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
• Lawrence Becker, A New Stoicism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).
• A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002).
• Tad Brennan, The Stoic life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

Once more, good students will read all there is to read in Whitney Oates' The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers.The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy has a helpful article on Stoicism. Other good articles may be found in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Ecole Initiative.The major Stoic philosophers were the emperor Marcus Aurelius, and Epictetus, who was once a slave. Web-surfers can find the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, as well as two works by Epictetus, his Discourses and his Enchiridion, or Manual. Another edition of the Discourses is also available, courtesy of the University of Adelaide. It amounts to only about a page, but we also have some Fragments of Epictetus online.Another scholar has found an even longer list of Fragments attributed to Epictetus-enjoy!!

Suggested:

• Jack Glickman's anthology, Moral Philosophy, an Introduction (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976), has as its Part I a lengthy selection from The Republic, plus papers on Plato's Moral Philosophy, and a rather good bibliography (pp. 204-205).
• George Rudebusch, Socrates, Pleasure, and Value (New York: Oxford university Press, 2002).
• H. A. Prichard, "Duty and Interest," in H. A Prichard and Jim Macadam, Moral Witings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
• Hendrik Lorenz, The Brute Within: Appetitive Desire in Plato and Aristotle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
• For this whole period, see Pamela Huby's Greek Ethics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967).
• Richard Kraut (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Plato (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
• Terence Irwin, Plato's Ethics (New York : Oxford University Press, 1995).
• Daniel Russell, Plato on Pleasure and the Good Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
• Christopher Bobonich, Plato's Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

As I indicated earlier, I try to teach this course in a chronological order. Plato actually came earlier than the Epicureans or the Stoics. But I have always thought that Epicurus raised all the important questions, in just about the simplest possible way, so I begin with him, and then move on to the Stoics, and then Plato-hope that's not too confusing.You might want to examine a second Plato site on the Web. Or maybe start with the Gale Literary Database item! Top students will want to get it all, by purchasing The Collected Dialogues of Plato, edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Bollingen Series LXXI, Pantheon Books, New York,1961). Of course, thanks to Past Masters (see above), Baylor students have instant access to this edition on-line, plus Jowett!!

We will probably have a little to say about Plato's early dialogue, the Apology, mostly for background information (See also the neat edition of the Apology in pdf.). Actually, we need to say a good deal more about Socrates, and his influence on early Western thought. And we should read those Dialogues of Plato having to do with his (Socrates)"last days." The text is a bit unusual, in that it also has a selection from Plato's Gorgias (You can also find a handsome pdf. file of Gorgias.) And note that, clearly, Raphael took a less favorable view of Socrates than did David.

Most of our class time will be spent discussing Plato's Republic. The Summer I turned 19 (that was a few years ago), I bought and read a copy of the Modern Library edition -I think it cost me $1.95-in the 19th century translation by Benjamin Jowett. The Jowett translation is now available on the web; you can also access the more recent Paul Shorey translation, if you prefer. Really good Greek scholars seem to prefer the Cornford translation, so you will want to dash out and buy The Republic of Plato, Translated with Introduction and Notes by Francis MacDonald Cornford (Oxford University Press, London, 1966).

Oh, would anyone care to see Duncan's summary of the Republic ?

Plato & Justice

So what, then, is justice??…in a sense, it is just this division, and nothing more.

Remember that “the state is but the individual writ large.”

But we can also fail, in this order:

Aristocracy

Timocracy

Oligarchy

Democracy (WHAT??)

Anarchy

Tyranny

 

Lectures 7, 8, and 9- Aristotle

Read: GTE, pp. 21-34.

Read: E.,F. & O., pp.38-68.

Suggested:

• W. F. R. Hardie, Aristotle's Ethical Theory (London: Oxford University Press, 1968).
• W. D. Ross, Aristotle (New York: Meridian Books, Inc., 1959), Ch. 7.
• There is a good chapter on "Aristotle's Ethics" (Ch. XX) in Bertrand Russell's A History of Western Philosophy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1945).
• W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. 6, Aristotle: An Encounter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
• Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
• J. M. Edmonds (ed.), The Characters of Theophrastus (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953).
• Sarah Broadie, Ethics With Aristotle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
• Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).

When I was a graduate student, I was told that all the Aristotle I would ever need could be found in The Basic Works of Aristotle , edited by Richard McKeon (Random House, New York, 1941)--still a good source. But my top students will want to have the more recent edition of The Complete Works of Aristotle, in two volumes, the Revised Oxford translation, edited by Jonathan Barnes (Bollingen Series LXXI-2, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey,1985). Curiously, there is not -so far as I am aware-a definitive edition of the Nicomachean Ethics. On the web, you can find at least two translations of the Nicomachean Ethics, the classic (if not definitive) W. D. Ross translation [actually the matter is more complicated than that; there is a W. D. Ross edition that has helpful chapter headings and another very readable Acrobat Reader pdf. edition], plus the more recent Harris Rackham translation. I would also suggest you check out the recent edition in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series, edited and translated by Roger Crisp (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).

There is also a superb edition, in print form, of The Politics of Aristotle, translated with an Introduction, Notes, and Appendixes, by Ernest Barker (Oxford University Press, New York,1962).There are other translations of the Politics available online (a Jowett translation, for example). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy has a useful article on "Aristotle's Ethics." Another Aristotle site treats him largely as a political thinker.

Finally, you also might want to look at an item, part of the Ethics Updates website, on the "Literature on Aristotle and Virtue Ethics." And...need I remind the student that we at Baylor have the Complete Works of Aristotle available online as part of the Past Masters database? And don't forget to survey the Gale Literary Databases item.

Flash!! Prof. Robert C. Roberts has taught two seminars to cover this topic at Baylor: a seminar on "Aristotle", and another on "Virtue Ethics"!! I don't know when these will be repeated (soon, we hope!).

As I indicated earlier, my Moral Philosophy course omits discussion of the philosophy of the Middle Ages, and thus omits, for example, such figures as Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas. I am happy to leave the saints to my friends in the Religion Department. In earlier years, I used to say that I was certain my colleagues Scott Moore and Carl Vaught would consider this a mistake. Carl Vaught spent his last years as a Distinguished Professor at Baylor, and if you check our library's holdings of his books, you will note that he did a three volume work on Augustine's Confessions, at least one volume of which is available online as an Ebook.

I would not object if students read the Confessions of Saint Augustine (You might check out the Augustine Home Page, maintained by James O'Donnell, and I think a new Church Fathers Page lists eight volumes of Augustine's works available online!!) and the Summa Theologica of Saint Thomas, and then write papers to show how foolishly wrong I am.

Lecture 10-The Cambridge Platonists

Suggested:

• In Copleston's History of Philosophy, Vol. 5, Hobbes to Hume, there is a useful chapter on "The Cambridge Platonists" (Ch. III), and another on "Problems of Ethics" (Ch. X), which provides background on Bishop Butler.
• Frederick J. Powicke, The Cambridge Platonists: A Study (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1971).
• C.A. Patrides (ed.), The Cambridge Platonists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
• John Tulloch, Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century, Vol. II, The Cambridge Platonists (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1872).
• In rhe more recent Columbia History of Western Philosophy, edited by Richard H. Popkin (New York: MJF Books, 2000), there is a short chapter, "The Cambridge Platonists" (pp. 366-373), by Sarah Hutton.
• Norman Fiering, Moral Philosophy at Seventeenth-Century Harvard (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1981), esp. Chapter Six, "The Break With Scholasticism: More and Gale," pp. 239-294.
• John H. Muirhead, The Platonic Tradition in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy, (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.,1931).
• J. H. Muirhead, "The Cambridge Platonists (I)," Mind, 36, 142 (April, 1927): 157-178.
• J. H. Muirhead, "The Cambridge Platonists (II)," Mind, 36, 143 (July, 1927): 326-341.
• Frederick C. Beiser, The Sovereignty of Reason: The Defense of Rationality in the Early English Enlightenment, (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999).
• Sarah Hutton, ed., Henry More (1614-1687): Tercentenary Studies (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990). Said to be the best book available on More, but expensive.
• Charles Taliaferro and Alison Tepley, eds., Cambridge Platonist Spirituality (New York: Paulist Press, 2004). Has a helpful 48-page Introduction, plus selected readings.
• Tod E. Jones, ed., The Cambridge Platonists, University Press of America, 2005.
• Michael B. Gill, "Rationalism, Sentimentalism, and Ralph Cudworth," Hume Studies, 30, 1 (April 2004): 149-181.
• Flora Isabel Mackinnon, ed., Philosophical Writings of Henry More, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1925).
• Aharon Lichtenstein, Henry More: The Rational Theology of a Cambridge Platonist, (Cambridge Massachusetts, 1962).
• Ralph Cudworth, A Treatise Concerning Eternel and Immutable Morality with A Treatise of Freewill, edited by Sarah Hutton, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

As always, my good students, seeking help on the Cambridge Platonists, will want to go to the source, and will order and buy Cudworth's A Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, with a Treatise of Freewill, in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series, edited by Sarah Hutton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).You might also see what you can find out about Henry More (a second Henry More site is also helpful, a few notes by Leibniz, no less). See also the entry in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy online on Cambridge Platonism, by Frederick Beiser, and follow related links to entries on More, Cudworth, etc. There are, of course, Gale Literary Database items on both Cudworth and More.

Flash!! The Baylor Library now has an electronic resource called Early English Books that gives you full-text, online, many books by Ralph Cudworth, Henry More, etc., who wrote before 1700 !!

Suggested:

• J. Kemp, Ethical Naturalism: Hobbes and Hume (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1970), pp.3-28.
• Richard Peters, Hobbes (London: Penguin Books, 1956).
• There are ten papers on Hobbes in Hobbes and Rousseau: A Collection of Critical Essays (Garden city, New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1972).
• Tom Sorrell, Hobbes (London: Routledge,1991).
• Noel Malcolm, Aspects of Hobbes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
• Arnold A. Rogow, Thomas Hobbes, Radical in the Service of Reaction (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986).
• Tom Sorrell (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
• Jean Hampton, Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition (London: The Cambridge University Press, 1986).
• Gregory S. . Kavka, "Hobbes' War of All Against All," Ethics, Vol. 93, no. 2, January, 1983, pp. 291-310.
• Joel Kidder, "Acknowledgements of Equals: Hobbes' Ninth Law of Nature," Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 33, Issue Number 131, April, 1983, pp. 133-146.

Thomas Hobbes was a major figure in the history of philosophical ethics and political theory. His principal work, The Leviathan, first published 1651, is a classic in both fields. As always, top students will want to have their own copies; the edition to buy is a volume in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, edited by Richard Tuck (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1991). There is lots of Hobbes to be found in the "British Philosophy 1600-1900" section of the Past Masters database. And the Early English Books database has much material by Hobbes and Locke.Perhaps I should add that Hobbes' De Cive (The Citizen) is also on the Web. There is also a valuable collection of the "Moral and Political Works" (1750) in the Eighteenth Century Collections online.

You will want to contrast the thought of Hobbes on these subjects with that of John Locke, as found in his Second Treatise of Government of 1690. Good students will purchase another book in that excellent Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought series, the Two Treatises of Government,edited by Peter Laslett (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1991). Since Locke's work provided the philosophical background for our Declaration of Independence, you might want to check that out, too. Of course, good students will also want to read Locke's basic work, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Lazier students can simply read all about it in another of my wonderful web items, my Three Lectures on Locke and the Second Treatise.

Please note...for this entire period, Hobbes through Kant, if students tire of my lectures, they might want to peruse a set of "Lecture Outlines" by Stephen Darwall.

Also, the Past Masters database has a couple of valuable books online in the "British Philosophy: 1600-1900" section :

Sidgwick, Henry, Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers (Macmillan & Co., New York,1954, first published 1886).

Selby-Bigge, L.A. (ed.), British Moralists, Being Selections from Writers Principally of the Eighteenth Century (The Library of Liberal Arts,the Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., New York, 1964, first published 1897).

Suggested:

• W. D. Hudson, Ethical Intuitionism ( New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967).
• Austin Duncan-Jones, Butler's Moral Philosophy (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1952).
• There is a chapter on Butler (Ch. III) in C. D. Broad's Five Types of Ethical Theory (Paterson, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams, and Co.,1959).
• E.C. Mossner, Bishop Butler and the Age of Reason, A Study in the History of Thought (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1936).
• Leslie Stephen, History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, two volumes (London: Harbinger Books, 1962), especially ch. V of Vol. 1, "Butler's 'Analogy'," pp. 235-261.
• Nicholas L. Sturgeon, "Nature and Conscience in Butler's Ethics,"The Philosophical Review, Vol. LXXXV, No. 3, (July, 1976), pp. 316-356.
• Ramon M. Lemos, "Butlerian Meditations," The Southern Journal of Philosophy, Vol. XLI, No. 2, (Summer, 2003), pp. 199-221.
• Terence Penelhum, Butler (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985).
• Christopher Cunliffe (ed.), Joseph Butler's Moral and Religious Thought, Tercentenary Essays (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).

Even if we don't do the "saints" in my course, Bishop Joseph Butler remains one of my favorite philosophers (and try another Butler site-good!). He is known for two works, his Fifteen Sermons (On Subjects Chiefly Ethical...), published 1726, and his Analogy of Religion, of 1736. The Christian Classics Ethereal Library has both on the web, plus a useful biography!. I have also uncovered a site dedicated to Joseph Butler, with a subsite called Butler on the Web, that lists more than I had expected (plus an incredible Bibliography!!). Both of Butler's major works were very popular through the 19th century, so you should be able to find copies in the out-of-print search websites. I know that we are concerned with primary sources in this on-line syllabus, but please permit one example of Butler's 19th century popularity, a review of some of his Sermons,which review appeared in the Princeton Review (July,1840).

And one of the better later things you must see is the entry on Butler in the online Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy!!

Since Butler was a man of the cloth, you can also find another site offering a a study of Butler as Theologian , with some consideration given to his response to the Deists. And see the paper, "From Age to Age the Same: The Providential Ethics of Joseph Butler," by Scott Erbe, published by the Acton Institute.

Suggested: Many people consider David Hume (Note that the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy has five articles on Hume, including one on his Moral Theory) to be the greatest philosopher ever to do his work in the English language, so the literature is vast-I'll just list a few items.

• J. Kemp, Ethical Naturalism, op. cit., Ch. III.
• Donald W. Livingstone and James T. King (eds.), Hume: A Re-evaluation (New York: Fordham University Press, 1976).
• William B. Todd (ed.), Hume and the Enlightenment (Edinburgh at the University Press, 1974), has essays on Hume's ethics, plus a good bibliography.
• Peter Jones, Hume's Sentiments (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982).
• Barry Stroud, Hume (London: Routledge, 1991).
• David Fate Norton (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hume (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
• James Baillie, Hume on Morality (London: Routledge, 2000).
• Margaret Watkins Tate, "Obligation, Justice, and the Will in Hume's Moral Philosophy," Hume Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1, April, 2005, pp. 93-122.

 David Hume is one of our major figures, and one of my favorites. I used to do a seminar called "Hume and his Critics;" the syllabus is still available online You will want to read all the books on my list. Baylor students should recall that, as part of the Past Masters database package, we now have access on-line to the Complete Works of David Hume- histories, letters,... really everything!!

You can find Hume's Treatise of Human Nature on the Web; Book Three,"Of Morals," is clearly relevant here. That may suffice for lazier students. But Philosophy majors will want to own the Oxford Philosophy Texts edition of the Treatise of Human Nature, edited by David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (Oxford University Press,Oxford, 2000). Hume's most important work, for our purposes, is his Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals; the Liberty Fund alsohas a marvelous html version online, plus a facsimile edition in pdf.. Again, buy the Oxford Philosophy Texts edition, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998).

Suggested:

• Glenn R. Morrow, The Ethical and Economic Theories of Adam Smith (Clifton, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley, Publishers, 1973).
• Knud Haakonssen, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
• D.D. Raphael,"The Impartial Spectator," Dawes Hicks Lecture on Philosophy, British Academy, 1972.
• Gilbert Harmon, "Moral Agent and Impartial Spectator," The Lindley Lecture, The University of Kansas, 1986.
• Patricia H. Werhane, Adam Smith and His Legacy for Modern Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

Adam Smith was a close friend of David Hume, though he did not always agree with him-so you can find lots of material on Smith in my syllabus for "Hume and his Critics." You can also find Smith's major works and a couple of biographies on another website. Actually, it might be better to use this edition of the Theory of Moral Sentiments, and visit the Adam Smith Institute--where you can download an excellent pdf. file of Dugald Stewart on Smith!!--(Choices! Choices! This edition looks good, too!). And, as usual,don't forget the entry in the Gale Literary Databases.

 My better students will buy the splendid critical edition of Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, edited by D.D.Raphael and A.L.Macfie (Clarendon Press,Oxford,1976). Cheapskates can buy the very same edition, paperback (Liberty Classics, Indianapolis, 1982). Even cheaperskates (is that a word??) can find it all in our Past Masters database, which now includes the best edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith. Amazingly, the Liberty Fund also has this super edition available online!!

Spinoza

Read what you want; we will not do Spinoza in my course!!

Whoops!! The new edition of our text has a selection from Spinoza. I have never studied Spinoza enough, so I don't quite know what to do with his work, where to put it, or whatever. This should be interesting.

Suggested:

• Don Garrett, (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See, especially, Garrett's own contribution on "Spinoza's Ethical Theory," pp. 267-314.
• Marjorie Grene, (ed.), Spinoza, a Collection of Critical Essays (Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, 1973). See, especially, the essay by E. M. Curley, "Spinoza's Moral Philosophy," pp.354-376.
• Harry Austryn Wolfson, The Philosophy of Spinoza (Cleveland and New York: Meridian Books, 1961.
• Stuart Hampshire, Spinoza (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1965).
• Eugene Freeman and Maurice Mandelbaum, (eds.), Spinoza: Essays in Interpretation (LaSalle, Illinois: Open Court, 1975).
• Henry E. Allison, Benedict de Spinoza: An Introduction, Revised Edition (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987).
• Paul Weinpahl, The Radical Spinoza (New York: New York University Press, 1979).
• There is also a chapter on Spinoza in C. D. Broad's Five Types of Ethical Theory.

Spinoza has never been my favorite philosopher, but I need to take a closer look. Along with Descartes and Leibniz, Spinoza is one of the major "Continental Rationalists," and Baylor students can access major portions of his work through the Past masters database. Actually, there is a lot of material on, and by, Spinoza on the Web.

And I recently found another useful Spinoza site! When I was a graduate student, many years ago, I was told that I really needed to buy the Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza, Translated from the Latin, by R. H. M. Elwes, two volumes (New York: Dover Publications, 1951). That's still a good edition, but now you can download the whole business to your personal computer as a set of pdf. files from the Penn State Electronic Classics site.

 Lectures 18 and 19-Immanuel Kant

Suggested: Kant was one of the greatest, so the literature in endless. The items listed below are merely samples.

• H.J. Paton, The Categorical Imperative (London: Hutchinson's University Library, 1946).
• Paul Guyer (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Kant (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
• Robert Paul Wolff (ed.), Kant: A Collection of Critical Essays (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1967).
• H. B. Acton, Kant's Moral Philosophy (London: Macmillan & CO., 1970).
• Roger J. Sullivan, Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
• Christine M. Korsgaard, Creating the Kingdom of Ends (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
• J.B. Schneewind, The Invention of Autonomy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
• Allen W. Wood, Kant's Ethical Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
• C. D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory .(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930), Chapter V.
• John E. Hare, The Moral Gap: Kantian Ethics, Human Limits, and God's Assistance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
• Thomas E. Hill, Jr., "Kantian Normative Ethics, " in The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory, edited by David Copp (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
• Karl Ameriks, Interpreting Kant's Critiques (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)

There are a number of good websites for the study of Immanuel Kant . I used to do a Kant Seminar from time to time, and, again, the syllabus is still online. You can find some good links there, and you will want to read all the books listed in my Kant bibliography... But for this syllabus... the Encyclopedia of Philosophy article is quite good, but mostly concerned with Kant's metaphysics. The best over-all site is certainly Kant on the Web, with links to all sorts of things, including a bunch of Kant's writings available online. The Liberty Fund also has a number of good Kant translations available online.You will certainly want to read Kant's most important work, The Critique of Pure Reason. Last but not least, "Ethics Updates" has a section on "Kant and Kantian Ethics" -check it out.

Baylor students will want to read Kant in the original German, and you can find it in our Past Masters database. Cambridge University Press is doing a new set of the works of Immanuel Kant in the best translations available.You will want to buy them all. For this course, there are three you must have. First, there is a volume, Practical Philosophy, edited and translated by Mary J. Gregor, with a General Introduction by Allen Wood (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1996). This volume is an attempt to bring together all of Kant's published works on Ethics. But Kant was also a teacher, and taught Ethics for many years; some of his students took good notes. So you can buy the Lectures on Ethics, translated by Peter Heath, and edited by Peter Heath and J.B.Schneewind (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1997). Third, it can be argued that, for Kant, Religion has only one function: to give force to the Moral Law--we are to do what Duty requires of us as if we were obeying the commands of God. Thus, you should also buy the volume titled Religion and Rational Theology, translated and edited by Allen W. Wood and George Di Giovanni (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1996). These three volumes will set you back about $250.00, a trifling sum for all that wisdom.

 Lecture 20-Jeremy Bentham

Suggested:

• John Dinwiddy, Bentham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
• H.L.A. Hart, Essays on Bentham, Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
• Elie Halevy, The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism ((Boston: The Beacon Press, 1955).
• James Steintrager, Bentham (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1977).
• Nancy L. Rosenblum, Bentham's Theory of the Modern State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978).

Jeremy Bentham was the first of a group of philosophers known as the Utilitarians.There is a website in Britain, the Bentham Project, with all kinds of good stuff on the man and his work. Closer to home, at the University of Texas, there is a site dedicated to "Classical Utilitarianism," its first part is called "Jeremy's Labyrinth"-and there you can access Bentham's major work, the Principles of Morals and Legislation (plus some of Bentham's lesser-known works). Buy the book!! Probably the best edition you can get is the so-called "authoritative edition," edited by J.H.Burns and H. L. A. Hart (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996). You will also find a bunch of things in the Eighteenth Century Collections Online. As might have been expected, there is also a helpful entry on Bentham (actually, there are 3, but you want the one on Bentham as philosopher) in the Gale Literary Databases.

Suggested:

• Ernest Albee, A History of English Utilitarianism (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd.,1901, 1957.
• John Plamenatz, The English Utilitarians (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958).
• Anthony Quinton, Utilitarian Ethics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973).
• John Skorupski, John Stuart Mill (London: Routledge, 1989).
• John Skorupski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Mill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
• Geoffrey Scarre, Utilitarianism (London: Routledge, 1996).
• Elmer H. Duncan, "Has Anyone Committed the Naturalistic Fallacy?,"The Southern Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 8, no. 1, Spring, 1970, pp. 49-55.
• William C. Havard, Henry Sidgwick & Later Utilitarian Political Philosophy (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1959).
• In 1974, The Monist published a special issue (Vol. 58, no. 3, for July, 1974), with the general title, "Sidgwick and Moral Philosophy"---several excellent articles!
• In 2000,. Utilitas published a special issue on Sidgwick (Vol. 12, for November, 2000); the title was "Sidgwick-2000."
• J.B. Schneewind, Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977).
• Bart Schultz, Henry Sidgwick, Eye of the Universe: An Intellectual Biography ( New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
• C. D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory ( New York:Harcourt, Brace, 1930) has a chapter on Sidgwick, it's Chapter VI.
• Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams (eds.), Utilitarianism and Beyond (London: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

John Stuart Mill was probably the best-surely the best known-of the Utilitarians. His book, Utilitarianism, is the classic statement of that philosophical position. It is available on the Web (permit a second Mill site, with more helpful material).And, as always, find a good Mill site in the Gale Literary Databases [In fact, there are three entries on him in these databases!]. But you will want to get your own copy of Mill's best work. Once more, consider the Oxford Philosophical Texts edition, edited by Roger Crisp (Oxford University Press, New York,1998). Many of Mill's works can also be found in the Past Masters database; look in the section on "British Philosophy:1600-1900." You can also find a helpful Bibliography for J. S. Mill online. Do not forget that J. S. Mill was also a political thinker; some websites focus on that aspect of his work. All of which reminds me, you will want to read Mill's On Liberty as well. Also, the young ladies in the class will want to see Mill's classic defense of equal rights for women, The Subjection of Women. Pardon a late addition, but the Library of Economics and Liberty has user-friendly editions of Mill's On Liberty and his Principles of Political Economy.

Oh, you get a somewhat different view of Mill in the Victorian Web.

Mill's work has had its share of critics. One of the best was Henry Sidgwick, who was himself a Utilitarian. Sidgwick was the author of a work that many of us also consider a classic, the Methods of Ethics (also to be found in the Past Masters database-see above).Probably the best edition of that work for you to buy is the reprint of the 7th edition-of 1907-published by the Hackett Publishing Company (Indianapolis,1981),which has a short Foreword by John Rawls. As always, there is a very helpful entry on Sidgwick in the Routledge Encyclopedia in Philosophy.

There are also entries in the Gale Databases for Sidgwick and John Stuart Mill's father, James Mill (3!).

Finally, you might want to see a very thorough section on Utilitarianism, in the "Ethics Updates" site by Lawrence M. Hinman.

Suggested:

• John Passmore, A Hundred Years of Philosophy (Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books, 1966), esp. Ch. 3.
• Richard Ingardia, Bradley: A Research Bibliography (Bowling Green, Ohio: Philosophy Documentation Center, 1991).
• Richard Wollheim, F.H. Bradley (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Pelican Books, 1959).
• Anthony Manser, Guy Stock (eds.), The Philosophy of F.H. Bradley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986).

In the latter part of the 19th century, many British philosophers began to say that we should give up our Locke and Hume, and turn instead to Kant or, better still, to Hegel. One such British Philosopher was F.H. Bradley. The book you need to buy is his Ethical Studies (The Clarendon Press, Oxford,1959). Of course, you can now get the entire collected works of F. H. Bradley in a multi-volume editon published by Thoemmes Press; read the introduction to Vol.6, which includes Ethical Studies. English majors will recognize that F. H. Bradley was the brother of A. C. Bradley, author of Shakespearean Tragedy.

Often mentioned alongside Bradley is Bernard Bosanquet. I really don't know enough about him, so I'm not sure which of his many books would be most useful. I could list three possibilities:

• The Philosophical Theory of the State (Macmillan & Co., Ltd., London, 1965).
• The Principle of Individuality and Value (Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1968).
• The Value and Destiny of the Individual (Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1968).

As expected, the Gale Literary Databases has a useful entry on F. H. Bradley, as well as entries on Bosanquet and T. H. Green (2!!). We should do more with T. H. Green; among other things, he was the author of a really good book on moral philosophy, Prolegomena to Ethics (There is a new edition with an Introduction by David O. Brink, Oxford University Press, New York, 2003). David O. Brink has also published Perfectionism and the Common Good, Themes in the Philosophy of T. H. Green (Oxford University Press, New York, 2003).

The best American representative of this philosophical movement was Josiah Royce (see, for example, his Spirit of Modern Philosophy).Then buy his The Philosophy of Loyalty, with a New Introduction by John J. McDermott (Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, 1995). Yes, there is a Gale Database entry on Royce.

Finally, there is a volume you may find useful in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, The British Idealists, edited by David Boucher (Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1997).

Flash!! During the 1960s, a number of good historical studies were published featuring chapters on F.H. Bradley, G.E. Moore, A.J. Ayer and the Emotivists, etc. Among the best were:

• Mary Warnock, Ethics Since 1900 (London: Oxford University Press, 1960).
• G.J. Warnock, Contemporary Moral Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1967).
• Luther J. Binkley, Contemporary Ethical Theory (New York: The Citadel Press, 1961).
• George C. Kerner, The Revolution in Ethical Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966).
• W.D. Hudson, Modern Moral Philosophy (Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1970).
• A somewhat older treatment that is still of interest is Thomas English Hill's Contemporary Ethical Theories (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1950).
• By contrast, a good book written in the '60s, but published much later...Cahal B. Daly, Moral Philosophy in Britain from Bradley to Wittgenstein (Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press, 1996)

Suggested:

• Paul Arthur Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of G. E. Moore (New York: Tudor Publishing Company, 1952).
• E.D.Klemke, Studies in the Philosophy of G. E. Moore (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969).
• C. Lewy, "G.E. Moore on the Naturalistic Fallacy," Dawes Hicks Lecture on Philosophy, The British Academy, 1964, pp. 251-262.
• The Southern Journal Philosophy has a special issue, Vol. XLI, Supplement, "The Legacy of G. E. Moore: 100 Years of Metaethics," 2003.
• Brian Hutchinson, G. E. Moore's Ethical Theory (London:Cambridge University Press, 2001).

I used to complain that I could find very little on the web concerning the work of G. E. Moore (one exception was his "The Nature of Moral Philosophy," from his Philosophical Studies, 1922). That is no longer true. Wikipedia has an excellent article on his work, with links to the complete texts of his Principia Ethica(1903), and his Ethics (1912). Even now, many scholars that I admire think he simply got it right.You must buy, and read, his Principia Ethica (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1956...there is now a second, revised, edition, also Cambridge University Press, edited with an introduction by Thomas Baldwin, 1993, reprinted 2000). And there is a Gale Database entry on Moore.

{This photo was taken at a Summer Institute for Philosophy Teachers, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation, in 1966. John Rawls (Harvard) is on the far left of the second row. William Frankena (Michigan) is almost directly behind him, second from the left in row three. Kurt Baier (Pittsburgh) is second from the right in row two. The pudgy little guy seated on the floor, third from the right, is E. H. Duncan. I regret that I cannot remember the name of the photographer}.

Suggested:

• John Passmore, A Hundred Years of Philosophy (Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books, 1966), esp. chapters 16 & 18.
• J.O. Urmson, The Emotive Theory of Ethics (London: Hutchinson University Library, 1968).
• Avrum Stroll, The Emotive Theory of Ethics, University of California Publications in Philosophy, Vol. 28, no.1, 1954, pp. 1-92.
• Lewis Edwin Hahn (ed.), The Philosophy of A.J. Ayer, (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1992).

When I was a student, the dominant philosophy was British Linguistic Analysis. Again, I find little of this on the World Wide Web. Part of the reason may be that the principal works are still protected by copyright. Another reason may be that this sort of philosophy has declined in popularity.

Nevertheless, there are some good books out there, so dash out and buy:

• A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth, and Logic (Dover Publications,Inc., New York, n.d., but first published 1936).There is also a Gale entry on Ayer.
• Charles L.Stevenson, Ethics and Language (Yale University Press,New Haven,1960)
• J. L. Austin, Philosophical Papers, Third Edition, edited by J.O. Urmson and G.J. Warnock ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979)
• H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1961)
• R. M. Hare, The Language of Morals ( Oxford: Oxford university Press,1963).

 Enjoy.

Suggested:

• Jo Ann Boydston, Guide to the Works of John Dewey (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1970).
• Paul Arthur Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of John Dewey (2nd ed.) (New York: Tudor Punlishing Co., 1951).
• Harold N. Lee (ed.), Essays on the Theory of Value and Valuation, by Members of the Southwestern Philosophical Conference (Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Publishing Co., April, 1945).
• J.E. Tiles, Dewey (London: Routledge, 1990).
• Robert B. Westbrook, John Dewey and American Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).
• Larry A. Hickman (ed.), Reading Dewey: Interpretations for a Postmodern Generation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).

Many scholars, such as my colleague Stuart Rosenbaum, are convinced that the best philosopher America has yet produced was John Dewey. For details, you must visit, at least online, the Center for Dewey Studies at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Dewey published many works on Ethics; you can find them listed on the Dewey Center site-buy them all.There are also some things by Dewey online (though on this site you have to dig them out, under D). As with every great thinker, Dewey has been interpreted in many ways; I personally find his early book, How We Think (1910), basic to understanding his philosophy.

Remember that students at Baylor University have access to the entire Collected Works of John Dewey, through the Past Masters database!! As just one example:

John Dewey, "Three Independent Factors in Morals," given as a lecture by Dewey-in French-and later translated by Jo Ann Boydston, Educational Theory, July, 1966, 197-209.

Some philosophers that I respected (such as Van Meter Ames and David L. Miller), men who knew and admired John Dewey, had even greater regard for his colleague at Chicago, George Herbert Mead. There is also a Mead Project, and some of Mead's works are available online. Take a look, and see what you think.

I almost forgot to mention that there are excellent Gale database entries on Dewey (2!!) and Mead.

Suggested:

• Elmer H. Duncan, Makers of the Modern Theological Mind: Soren Kierkegaard (With an additional chapter by Danny Floyd Walker) (Waco, Texas: Word Books, Publishers, 1976).
• C. Stephen Evans, Passionate Reason: Making Sense of Kierkegaard's Philosophical Fragments (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
• C. Stephen Evans, Kierkegaard's Ethic of Love (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.).
• C. Stephen Evans, Kierkegaard's Fragments and Postscript: The Religious Philosophy of Johannes Climacus (Atlantic Highlands, N. J.: Humanities Press International, Inc., 1983).
• Alastair Hannay and Gordon D. Marino (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). See, especially, the essays by Robert C. Roberts and C. Stephen Evans.
• Kjell Eyvend Johansen, "Fear and Trembling-the Problem of Justification," British Journal for the History of Philosophy {in EBSCOhost}, Volume 10, Number 2, May, 2002, pp. 261-276.
• Christina Howells (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Sartre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
• Richard Schacht, Nietzsche (London: Routledge, 1985).
• Bernd Magnus and Kathleen M. Higgins (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
• Robert C. Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins (eds.), Reading Niezsche, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
• Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, Fourth Edition, (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1974).
• Eric Steinhart, On Nietzsche (Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Learning, 2000).
• Steven D. Hales, "Recent Work on Nietzsche," American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 37, no.4, October, 2000, pp. 313-333.
• Gregory Moore, "Nietzsche, Spencer, and the Ethics of Evolution," Journal of Nietzsche Studies, Issue no. 23, Spring, 2002, pp. 1-20.
• Alasdair MacIntyre, Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry: Encyclopedia, Genealogy, and Tradition (Notre Dame, Indiana: Notre Dame University Press, 1990).

 Readers, if any, will note that I did very little with Chapters 22 and 23 of the old textbook.Time runs out...but this material, especially that part that deals with Kierkegaard and Sartre, is covered in other courses. I did something with Existentialism in the Kierkegaard course I used to offer in the Summer. As always, the good student will read all the books I listed there, and lazy ones will find some good links. Oh, perhaps the reader can also get the idea of how I feel about Kierkegaard by reading a sermon I once did , "Something about Kierkegaard, and Abraham, too." Since Kierkegaard and Sartre are covered elsewhere, I have listed more readings about Nietzsche in the present syllabus...and of course, there is lots more. Good News for Baylor students is that Stephen Evans, who has written a number of books on the Danish philosopher, also does a number of seminars on Kierkegaard! And you should know that there is a database, Religion-online, that has several books by Kierkegaard, in very user-friendly versions.

There are even a couple of newletters dedicated to Kierkegaard scholarship!

And there are three Gale databases on Sartre!!

There is also much Nietzsche material on the Web. Friedrich Nietzsche was popular, partly because his philosophy (rightly or wrongly) has the reputation of being rather "far out"- remember that he was Adolf Hitler's favorite philosopher! I am told that there is an excellent Nietzsche site at USC, but I sometimes have trouble accessing it (rolling blackouts ?). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy page is the best Nietzsche site I've seen. Perhaps appropriately, there is also a Pirate Nietzsche Page, which has lots of material, including a convenient list of Nietzsche works (mostly in German) that are available online. Finally, there is a home page for the Friedrich Nietzsche Society. And, yes, you can find two Gale databases on Nietzsche!

This is a neglected topic. Note that it is not covered at all in your textbook. But I am persuaded that the "old" Moral Philosophy Course had much to do with making us, as Americans, the sort of people we are today. So it deserves further study. Thus I have prepared a seperate online document, Nineteenth Century American Moral Philosophy, with lots of good links to original sources. Give it a look. Another link deserves special mention. The PCA Historical Center is putting the 19th century Southern Presbyterian Review online.

We really need to do more with the life and work of Willlam Paley (1743-1805). His works were popular on both sides of the Atlantic throughout the 19th century.His important work on ethics, The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, is readily available once more (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002); you can even find it online, courtesy of the Liberty Fund!! Of course, the work was not without its critics. In this context, I found especially helpful a paper by James Henley Thornwell, actually a review he did of The Principles of Moral and Political Economy, by William Paley, D. D. , from the Southern Presbyerian Review, Volume 7, Number 1, for July, 1853. The paper gives insight into the minds of two important figures from this period, and also explains how moral philosophy was done at that time. The student will also read Paley's Natural Theology, of 1802 , and have a look at what the Victorians thought of it. Yes, there is a also a Gale database entry on Paley!!

You might also look at a paper I once did for a Baylor Scholars' Day, "A Return to the Old Moral Philosophy Course? The Contribution of Gladys Bryson." With that paper in mind, it could be interesting to have another look at an old book, The Scottish Moralists, on Human Nature and Society, edited, with an Introduction, by Louis Schneider (Chicago; Phoenix Books, The University of Chicago Press, 1967); this book was published as part of "The Heritage of Sociology" series. Sociology??

No,that isn't all there is, but I hope we have listed enough material to give you a good start.

 As an alternate plan, there is a CD-ROM called The Philosophy Source, 100 Classic Masterpeices on CD- ROM, put together by Daniel Kolak (Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Belmont, California, 2000).This little disk has many (most?) of the materials you will need to read for the course...well worth having for those days when our server is down, or slow.

You may well feel that there are better ways to teach such courses, and you may be right. Permit me to direct you to a number of surveys of the history of recent moral philosophy, and the different ways of teaching the subject: I elected to use this format because many of the items listed below (in the Philosophical Review, Mind, etc.) can be accessed online; most are in an electronic resource the Baylor library has called JSTOR..

• Mark Pattison, "Philosophy at Oxford,"Mind, Vol. 1, no.1, Jan., 1876, 82-97.
• You may want to look at an updated version of the history of Philosophy at Oxford.
• Henry Sidgwick, "Philosophy at Cambridge," Mind, Vol. 1, no. 2, April, 1876, pp. 235-246.
• John Veitch, "Philosophy in the Scottish Universities (I)," Mind , Vol.2, no. 5, January, 1877, pp. 74-91, and "Philosophy in the Scottish Universities (II)," Mind, Vol. 2, no. 6, April, 1877, pp. 207-234.
• W. E. Hamilton, "Recent Ethical Theory," The Presbyterian Review, No. 11, July, 1882, pp. 449-474.
• G. Stanley Hall, "Philosophy in the United States"," Mind, Vol.4, Issue 13, January, 1879, pp. 89-105.
• G. Stanley Hall, "On the History of American College Textbooks and Teaching in Logic, Ethics, Psychology, and Allied Subjects," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, n.s. IX (1893-1894), pp. 137-194.
• William K. Frankena, " Main Trends in Recent Philosophy: Moral Philosophy at Mid-Century," Philosophical Review, Vol. LX., no.1, January, 1951, pp. 44-55.
• In the mid-1960s, the Council of the Humanities published a series of books on Humanistic Scholarship in America, called "The Princeton Studies," under the general editorship of Richard Schlatter. The volume on Philosophy (Prentice-Hall, Inc., Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1964) featured an essay by William K. Frankena on "Ethical Theory," pp. 345-463.
• Carl Wellman, "Ethics Since 1950," The Journal of Value Inquiry, Vol. VI, no. 2, Summer, 1972, pp. 83-90.
• Virginia Held, "Philosophy: An Assessment -- Ethics," Social Research, Vol. 47, no. 4, Winter, 1980, pp. 635-648.
• Douglas Sloan, "The Teaching of Ethics in the American Undergraduate Curriculum,1876-1976," in Sloan, Douglas, (ed.), Education and Values, Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 1980, pp. 191-254.
• Stephen Darwall, Allan Gibbard, and Peter Railton, "Toward Fin de siecle Ethics: Some Trends," The Philosophical Review, Vol. 101, no. 1, January, 1992, pp. 115-189.

I continue to think the best way to introduce the subject of Moral Philosophy is through a historical survey such as that I attempt to provide in this course. But this is a strong area at Baylor, and we have other courses. Dr. Robert M. Baird offers a course in Contemporary Ethical Theory. Dr. Baird and our colleague Stuart Rosenbaum have edited a distinguished series of books on contemporary problems in ethics, published by Prometheus Books (find the entire list of these volumes on Dr. Baird's homepage). As indicated above, Prof. Robert C. Roberts frequently offers a course in Aristotle during the Fall term, and a seminar in "Virtue Ethics," during the Spring term, Prof. Roberts has published well in this area, and in what I would call "Moral Psychology." Prof. Robert B. Kruschwitz teaches an Introduction to Ethics, numbered Philosophy 1308. Prof. Kruschwitz is also interested in "Virtue Ethics," and heads up Baylor's new Center for Christian Ethics. You might want to check out the very useful anthology, The Virtues: Contemporary Essays on Moral Character, edited by Robert B. Kruschwitz and Robert C. Roberts (Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1987). I should add that Margaret Watkins Tate (our resident Hume authority) also teaches courses in Ethics, and I feel sure Stephen Evans could be persuaded to do more seminars on Kierkegaard's Ethics.

And Dr. Baird covers much of the material in chapter 23, of my old text, in his course in Contemporary Ethical Theory. I may have something to say about John Rawls (GTE, pp. 300-311), because I admired his work so much. You can find a lot about Rawls on the Web, including part of his important essay, "Two Concepts of Rules," in "Ethics Updates," and a selective, but rather thorough, Bibliography of his work.

To conclude then, I quote a writer I admire very much (I have to; he's my nephew!), Timothy Scott Jennings, who has often written,"Keep your minds active and.... read." Good advice.