Philosophy 5311

Elmer H. Duncan

 

I think it was Lewis White Beck who said: "You can do Philosophy with Kant or against Kant, but you cannot do Philosophy without him." This means that you (or I ) don't always have to agree with what Kant wrote, but he had something important to say on virtually every question raised by philosophers, something that we have to take into account.

For a number of years, I had the high honor of teaching seminars on Hume (my "Hume and his Critics") and Kant, in alternate terms, Fall and Spring. But as our department has grown, it became clear that we ran the risk of having too many graduate-level courses. Now I teach these courses as needed, but try to keep my syllabi up to date. In the Fall, I have work enough doing my courses in Moral Philosophy and the Philosophy of Art.

I may make a mistake, in the Hume course, trying to do all of Hume, plus his major critics-especially my man Thomas Reid-in a single semester. I cannot do that with Kant. In fact, I have sometimes thought of calling this course "Kant's Value Works". I do not try to do the Critique of Pure Reason. There are many reasons for this. First, I am not all that great at Epistemology. Second, many students have already read this book-or parts of it-in other courses, such as Dr. Baird's course in the History of Modern Philosophy (Why should I try to duplicate, badly, what he does so well ??). Finally, experience teaches that if you do the Critique of Pure Reason, then that's what you do; there would be no time left for anything else. As it is, I still probably try to do too much. I ask of the student only that you read what you can--enough to keep up a lively discussion-I am too old to do 2 1/2 hour lectures!

So....these are the books we will read, all by Immanuel Kant, in the order in which we will read them:

Again, the reading will not be as bad as it looks; we can skim through some of these, and just read what we can. And,of course, there is the mandatory paper at the end of the term, about 15-20 pages, or some such. It should be a fun course. But it should also be much more than that.

 

The textbooks ordered for my Kant seminar are excellent editions of Kant's major works in the areas of Ethics, Religion, and the Philosophy of Art. I'll probably also mention his Perpetual Peace (find it in Kant, Political Writings, Second Enlarged Edition, edited by Hans Reiss, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1991, pp. 93-130). All of the textbooks are available in convenient, fairly low-priced, paperback editions.

But now we are able to offer a couple of alternate plans. Cambridge University Press is now producing the Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, with Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood as General Editors. Not all the books are available as of Spring, 2003. But at least four should be of special interest. First, all of Kant's published works on Ethics and Political Theory (even "Perpetual Peace"!!) are available in a single volume, entitled Practical Philosophy (1996, xxxiii + 668 pages). The works are translated and edited by the late Mary J. Gregor, with a General Introduction by Allen Wood.

Of course, not all of Kant's teachings on Ethics were published during his lifetime. There is also a volume of Lectures on Ethics (notes by his students), edited by Peter Heath (and translated by him) and J. B. Schneewind (1997).

Religion is always important to Baylor students, so there should be great interest in the volume on Religion and Rational Theology, translated by Allen W. Wood and George Di Giovanni (1996, xxvi + 518 pages). This book, for the first time, brings together all of Kant's work on the topics of Religion and Philosophical Theology, in a single volume.

It seems to have been delayed a bit, but finally, in 2000, we also have in this format a new translation of Kant's major work on Aesthetics and Teleology, his Critique of the Power of Judgment, edited by Paul Guyer, and translated by Paul Guyer and Eric Matthews (lii + 423 pages).

It is important to know what these books are, and what they are not. They are intended to set the standard for English translations of Kant's works, and I feel certain that they do. They will be the standard references for years to come. They are rather expensive...ranging from $70.00 to $90.00 (hardcover) per volume, but that should be no problem for Baylor students, who always have money.

I add only two negative remarks. First, readers of such volumes generally expect very lengthy and learned general introductions. Well, these volumes have introductions that are learned enough, but quite short. Prof. Schneewind's introduction to the Lectures runs 15 pages; Wood's introduction to the Practical Philosophy volume is 21 pages long, and his introduction to the Religion and Philosophical Theology volume is, again, only 15 pages. Paul Guyer's introduction to the Critique of the Power of Judgment is about 86 pages long, somewhat more what we might have expected. I mention this only because I know many of my students from the Hume seminar have been reading the volume on An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy by John Stuart Mill, volume IX of the Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (University of Toronto Press, Toronto,1979), with a historical introduction by Alan Ryan that is 60 pages in length, followed by a 32 page "Textual Introduction" by John M. Robson. The Kant volumes usually have no such introductions, perhaps because so much secondary material is already available.

Also, the books seem to me to vary in usefulness. The Religion and Practical Philosophy volumes seem to me to be worth the money, the Lectures on Ethics somewhat less so. If I read Schneewind's Introduction correctly, some of the lecture notes used in preparing the older Infield edition are now lost, and/or unavailable. Further, I admire Schneewind's work, but I'm not sure his Introduction is more helpful than what P. A. Schilpp wrote some years ago. That reference may be worth repeating-Paul Arthur Schilpp, Kant's Pre-Critical Ethics, Second Edition, Northwestern University Press, 1938, 1960 (See especially Chapter X, "The Vorlesung," pp.144-168).

I said there was a second textbook option. There is a CD-ROM , published by Wadsworth, The Philosophy Source, 100 Classic Masterworks on CD-Rom, prepared by Daniel Kolak. This marvelous item includes a number of Kant's major works, including:

The entire CD should sell for about $30.00, and offers a LOT of material in a very readable, searchable (etc.) form.

I plan to include more sources, but the single online source you must have for Kant is Kant on the Web, maintained by Stephen Palmquist---everything is there!! The student will find everything we read in good English translations (though not in the new Cambridge editions, because of copyright restrictions); in fact, the translation of Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone is one I have used, and which I respest. German editions of most of the works we read can also be found on this remarkable site. Of course, Baylor students can access Past Masters through our libraries; our package now includes Kant's Hauptwerke, or principal works, in the best German editions, plus (again in German) Kant's philosophical correspondence.

Everyone seems to have something to say about Kant, so there are many sites the student will want to check out. As usual, a good place to begin is the Dictionary of Philosophy, which has a brief entry, a reading list, and lots of links; the Island-of-Freedom site is also helpful. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy site is also good, but primarily concerned with Kant's Metaphysics. Speaking of links...Richard Lee has prepared a site called "Immanuel Kant:Links", and I have also consulted a second list of Web Pages on Immanuel Kant.

Now let's get a bit more specific. Curiously, I have found few good biographies of Kant on the web, though I did find one with a convenient Time Line-but it has a few typos! The literature-and links-is too vast to permit a summary treatment. For more than a hundred years there has been a journal devoted to Kant's thought; read about Kant-Studien, and its founding Editor, Hans Vaihinger. As of March,1998, there is a second journal devoted to Kant studies, the Kantian Review. There are also many bibliographies out there; the best I have seen is a "Kant Bibliography with some Suggested Term-Paper Topics," but the student might prefer this second bibliography. It needs to be updated (from 1994), but I find especially interesting an Exhaustive Bibliography of English Translations of Kant. At any rate, we find no shortage of material. There is also a good bibliography, and a readable account of Kant's overall philosophy by John D. Simons, in the Gale Literary databases.

I am also excited to find that so many periodicals are now online. As just one example, did you know the study of Kant really got its start in America, when certain writers discovered Coleridge?? See especially the paper by F. H. Hedge, titled "Coleridge's Literary Character," which appeared in The Christian Examiner in March of 1833, pp. 109-129 (esp. pp. 120ff.).

As might have been expected, Kant's Ethics often gets special treatment. There are many sites devoted to Kant's Moral Philosophy, but the best has to be the section on Kant and Deontology in Ethics Updates, prepared by Prof. Larry M. Hinman. Prof. Hinman's site has links, bibliographies...just everything-you can even watch and hear one of his own lectures on Kant.

For Kant's aesthetics, a good place to begin is the article by Douglas Burnham in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy-30 pages! Also useful is the essay by Anthony J. Cascardi in the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism. Baylor students can also access the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy online, with an article on Kant by Paul Guyer; there is also a paper on Kantian Ethics by Onora Oneill.

There is a lot out there. Baylor students also have available to them a database called JSTOR,with a number of Philosophy journals online .Thus, for example, it takes less than two minutes to have available such items as a set of lectures by John Rawls: "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory," Journal of Philosophy (September 1980), 77(9):515-572. This includes: "Rational and Full Autonomy," pp. 515-535, "Representation of Freedom and Equality," pp. 535-554, and "Construction and Objectivity," pp. 554-572; these were the 1980 Dewey Lectures at Columbia University.

With JSTOR, the possibilities are endless. For example, in the late 1950's to early 60's (before he got into administration), John Silber put together a distinguished series of essays on Kant's Ethics; I list only four:

"Kant's Conception of the Highest Good as Immanent and Transcendent," Philosophical Review (1959),pp.469-492.

"The Context of Kant's Ethical Thought," Philosophical Quarterly (1959), pp.193-207, 309-318.

"The Importance of the Highest Good in Kant's Ethics," Ethics (1963), pp. 179-197.

Or, going in quite a different direction, read J. L. Blau's "Kant in America," Journal of Philosophy (1954), pp.874-880.

And these are a few of my favorite (Kantian) things ...

things I have read, or need to read...

First, let me just say that Kant is not always easy reading, so secondary sources are in order. I plan to add a lengthy bibliography, but want to start with a select list of things I think could be helpful..

One of the very best books I have read in recent years is J. B. Schneewind's The Invention of Autonomy,a History of Modern Moral Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998). Young people have a way of saying that they need to know where somebody is "coming from"--this book tells the reader where Kant's Ethics was "coming from."

A "must have" for Kant studies is The Cambridge Companion to Kant, edited by Paul Guyer (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992). This book has a number of excellent essays by Guyer, Schneewind, the late Eva Schaper (on Kant's Aesthetics), lots of bibliographies, and much, much more.

He died recently, but arguably the greatest philosopher of our generation was John Rawls of Harvard University, and he was always keenly interested in Kant-I listed his John Dewey lectures on Kant cited above. But a number of other things could be listed. Begin with another good book, Kant's Transcendental Deductions, the Three 'Critiques' and the 'Opus Postumum', edited by Eckart Forster (Stanford University Press, Stanford, California,1989). This book has a number of fine essays, featuring Rawls' "Themes in Kant's Moral Philosophy", pp.81-113. Prof. Rawls lectured for many years on modern Moral Philosophy (including Kant, of course), but -perfectionist that he is- he never thought he had polished the lectures enough to permit them to be published . Now, his students have persuaded him to let this be done. So we have John Rawls' Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy,edited by Barbara Herman (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000). Certainly, read the entire book, which has ten chapters on Kant. Prof. Rawls' students have also done a "festschrift" in his honor, Reclaiming the History of Ethics: Essays for John Rawls, edited by Andrews Reath, Barbara Herman, and Christine M. Korsgaard (Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1997)-more than half the essays are on Kant.

There are a lot of good historical projects to be done on Kant. For example...as everyone knows, Kant published his first major work, The Critique of Pure Reason, in 1781.Thus, in August of 1881, a group known as the "Concord School" scheduled a celebration in Concord, Massachusetts. Another was held a month earlier in Saratoga, New York. Invitatations were sent, speakers were invited, papers were read, etc., and the results of it all were duly reported in Volume 15 (especially the July and October issues) of the Journal of Speculative Philosophy ( You can find this , on microfilm, in the Baylor library). One of the best essays written to celebrate the Centennial was by Noah Porter, the President at Yale, "The Kant Centennial", in the Princeton Review, (Volume 57, November, 1881, pp.394-424).

Permit a few "oddball" things not usually listed in our bibliographies. There are few books, good or bad, devoted to Kant's Metaphysics of Morals, so we should welcome the Supplementary volume published by The Southern Journal of Philosophy ((Volume XXXVI, Supplement,1998), titled Kant's Metaphysics of Morals, edited by Nelson Potter and Mark Timmons- in my humble opinion the best single volume currently available on this part of Kant's work. The North American Kant Society has devoted Volume I (1991) of their North American Kant Society Studies in Philosophy to Kant's Aesthetics, with Ralf Meerbote as editor of this volume, and Hud Hudson listed as associate editor. Volume II (1992) of the series is titled Minds, Ideas, and Objects: Essays on the Theory of Representation in Modern Philosophy, and is edited by Phillip D. Cummins and Guenter Zoeller.

Finally, a few even more rare things:

H.W.B. Joseph gave a lecture, "A Comparison of Kant's Idealism with that of Berkeley," for the Henriette Hertz Trust, July 3,1929.

H.J. Paton, "Kant on Friendship," Dawes Hicks Lecture on Philosophy, British Academy,1956.

W.H. Walsh, "Kant's Moral Theology," Dawes Hicks Lecture on Philosophy, British Academy,1963.

G.J. Warnock, "The Primacy of Practical Reason," Dawes Hicks Lecture on Philosophy, British Academy,1966.

In the case of a major thinker such as Kant, we should try to read the original sources, in translation if we must, but we should also know what has been written about Kant.

Unfortunately, Kant was himself a prolific writer, and the list of secondary sources is endless. Every history of philosophy will have an extensive treatment of Kant's philosophy (see, for example, Jones, volume 4, and Copleston, volume 6).The learned journals (and some not so learned) have many articles on Kant (check the Philosopher's Index).

I could not resist putting together a couple of lists--of Kant's works and secondary sources. I do not pretend the lists are exhaustive; I only hope they are useful. So far as I am aware, nobody has attempted a complete bibliography of works by and about Immanuel Kant . I only want to give the student an idea of what is out there, so to speak. Some of these will be cited in class.

Kant's Works

Kant, Immanuel, Selections. Edited with an Introduction by T. M. Greene. London and New York: Scribner's, 1929.

Kant Selections. Edited with Introduction, Notes,and Bibliography by Lewis White Beck. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,1988.

Kant, Immanuel. Selected Pre-Critical Writings and Correspondence with Beck. Translated and introduced by G. B. Kerferd and D. E. Walford, with a contribution by P. G. Lucas. Manchester: Manchester University Press,1968.

Friedrich, Carl J.(ed.) . The Philosophy of Kant: Immanuel Kant's Moral and Political Writings. New York: The Modern Library,1949.

Wilbur, James B., and Allen, Harold J.(eds.). The Worlds of Hume and Kant. New York: American Book Co., 1967.

Kant's Inaugural Dissertation of 1770. Translated into English with an Introduction and Discussion by William J. Eckoff. New York: A.M.S. Press Inc., 1970. (Reprinted from edition of 1894).

Kant, Immanuel. Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (New Introduction by Milton K. Munitz). Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Paperbacks, The University of Michigan Press,1969.

Kant, Immanuel. Introduction to Logic, and Essay on the Mistaken Subtility of the Four Figures. Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, with a few notes by Coleridge. New York: Philosophical Library, 1963.

Kant, Immanuel. Logic. Translated, with an Introduction, by Robert S. Hartman and Wolfgang Schwarz. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1974.

Kant, Immanuel. Education. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1960.

Kant, Immanuel. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. Translated, with an Introduction and Essay, by James Ellington. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1970.

Kant, Immanuel. Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View. Translated with an Introduction and Notes by Mary J. Gregor. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974.

Allison,Henry E. (ed.). The Kant-Eberhard Controversy, an English translation together with supplementary materials and a historical-analytic introduction to Immanuel Kant's On a Discovery According to which any new Critique of Pure Reason has been made superfluous by an earlier one. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1973.

Kant, Immanuel. On History. Edited, with an Introduction, by Lewis White Beck. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1963.

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by Norman Kemp Smith. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968.

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason, Abridged Edition.Translated by Norman Kemp Smith. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited,1952.

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Introduced by A.D. Lindsay and Translated by J.M.D. Meiklejohn. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., Everyman's Library edition,1934, 1991.

Kant, Immanuel. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics that will be able to present itself as a science. Translated with Introduction and notes by Peter G. Lucas. Manchester: Manchester University Press,1959.

Kant, Immanuel . Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals and What is Enlightenment?. Translated with an Introduction, by Lewis White Beck. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1959.

Kant, Immanuel. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Lewis White Beck. Text and Critical Essays edited by Robert Paul Wolff. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969.

Kant, Immanuel. Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Thomas K. Abbott, with an Introduction by Marvin Fox. New York: The Liberal arts Press, 1949.

Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated and analysed by H. J. Paton. New York: Harper and Row, 1964.

Kant, Immanuel. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals with On a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns, third edition.Translated by James W. Ellington. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1993.

Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated and Edited by Mary Gregor, with an Introduction by Christine M. Korsgaard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1997.

Kant, Immanuel. Lectures on Ethics. Translated by Louis Enfield. New York: Harper and Row, 1963 {later published by Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis, 1984}.

Kant's Critique of Practical Reason and other works on the Theory of Ethics. Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbot. Sixth Edition. London: Longmans, 1959.. (reprint of the 1909 edition).

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Practical Reason and other Writings in Moral Philosophy. Translated and edited with an Introduction by Lewis White Beck. Chicago,1949. (Garland Publishing Co. reprint,1976).

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated with an Introduction by Lewis White Beck. New York: The Liberal Arts Press,1956,third edition, 1993.

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated and Edited by Mary Gregor, with an Introduction by Andrews Reath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Kant, Immanuel. The Philosophy of Law, An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right (Part I of The Metaphysics of Morals). Translated by W. Hastie, B.D. Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark,1887 (Reprinted 1974 by Augustus M. Kelley Publishers,Clifton, New Jersey).

Kant, Immanuel. The Metaphysical Elements of Justice (Part I of The Metaphysics of Morals). Translated, with an Introduction, by John Ladd. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Conpany, Inc., 1965.

Kant, Immanuel. The Doctrine of Virtue (Part II of The Metaphysics of Morals). Translated with an Introduction and Notes by Mary J. Gregor. New York: Harper and Row,1964.

Kant, Immanuel. The Metaphysical Principles of Virtue (Part II of The Metaphysics of Morals). Translated by James Ellington, with an Introduction by Warner Wick. Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill company, Inc., 1964.

Kant, Immanuel. The Metaphysics of Morals. Introduction, translation, and notes by Mary Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. {The Texts in German Philosophy series}.

 Kant, Immanuel. The Metaphysics of Morals.Translated and Edited by Mary Gregor, with an Introduction by Roger Sullivan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. {Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy}.

Kant, Immanuel. The Conflict of the Faculties. Translation with an Introduction by Mary J. Gregor. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press, 1992.

Kant, Immanuel. Obversations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime. Translated by John T. Goldthwait. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960.

Kant, Immanuel. First Introduction to the Critique of Judgment. Translated by James Haden. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1965.

Kant,Immanuel. Critique of Judgment. Translated, with an Introduction, by J. H. Bernard. New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1951.

Kant, Immanuel . The Critique of Judgement. Translated with Analytical Indexes by James Creed Meredith. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1973.

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Judgment, Including the First Introduction. Translated, with an Introduction, by Werner S. Pluhar,with a Foreword by Mary J. Gregor. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987.

Kant, Immanuel.Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone. Translated with an Introduction and Notes by Theodore M. Greene and Hoyt H. Hudson, with a new essay, "The Ethical Significance of Kant's Religion", by John R. Silber. New York: Harper and Row, 1960.

Kant, Immanuel. On the One Possible Basis for a Demonstration of the Existence of God. Translation and Introduction by Gordon Treash. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press, 1979.

Kant, Immanuel. Lectures on Philosophical Theology. Translated by Allen W. Wood and Gertrude M. Clark, with introduction and notes by Allen W. Wood. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.

Kant, Immanuel. Perpetual Peace. Edited, with an introduction, by Lewis White Beck. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1957.

Kant: Political Writings. Second, Enlarged Edition. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Hans Reiss, Translated by H.B. Nisbet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Kant, Immanuel. Opus Postumum. Edited, with an introduction and notes, by Eckart Forster, translated by Eckart Forster and Michael Rosen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Kant: Philosophical Correspondence,1759-99. Edited and translated by Arnulf Zweig. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967

Secondary Sources

Beck, Lewis White. Early German Philosophy: Kant and his Predecessors. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1969.

Wallace, William, Kant. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons,1882, reprinted 1896.

Stuckenberg, J.H.W. The Life of Immanuel Kant. With a new Preface by Rolf George. New York: University Press of America, 1986. {First published 1882}.

Cassirer, Ernst. Kant's Life and Thought. Translated by James Haden, Introduction by Stephan Korner. New Haven: Yale university Press, 1981.

Thomson, Garrett. On Kant. Belmont,Ca.: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2000.

Hoffe,Otfried. Immanuel Kant. Translated by Marshall Farrier. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

Schaper, Eva and Vollenskuhl, Wilhelm (eds.). Reading Kant: New Perspectives on Transcendental Arguments and Critical Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.

Beck, Lewis White. Studies in the Philosophy of Kant.Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965.

Beck, Lewis White (ed.). Kant Studies Today. Evanston: Open Court Press, 1969.

Walker, Ralph C.S. Kant: the Arguments of the Philosophers. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.

Korner, S. Kant. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1955.

Kemp, John. The Philosophy of Kant. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.

Wolff, Robert Paul (ed.). Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.,1967.

Whitney, George Tapley and Bowers, David F. (eds.).The Heritage of Kant. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1939.

Kant: Disputed Questions. Edited with an Introduction and New Translations by Moltke S. Gram. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967.

Cassirer, Ernst. Rousseau, Kant, and Goethe. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1963.

Heidegger, Martin. Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962.

Sidgwick, Henry. Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant, and other Philosophical Lectures and Essays. New York: Macmillan and Co., Limited,1905 {Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1968}.

Nitsch, Friedrich August. A General and Introductory View of Professor Kant's Principles. 1796. {New York: Garland Publishing Co.,1976}.

Ward, James. A Study of Kant. Cambridge,1922. Bound with--Ward, James. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). The British Academy Annual Philosophical Lecture, 1922.{New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1976}.

Watson, John. Kant and His English Critics, A Comparison of Critical and Empirical Philosophy, New York, 1881. {New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1976}.

Watson, John. The Philosophy of Kant Explained. Glasgow,1908. {New York:Garland Publishing Co.,1976}.

Caird, Edward. The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant.Two Volumes. New York:Macmillan and Co.,1889. Second Edition, London, 1909.

Bennett, Jonathan. Kant's Analytic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

Guyer, Paul. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Ewing, A.C. A Short Commentary on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1950.

Weldon, T.D. Kant's Critique Of Pure Reason. Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.

Fischer, Kuno. A Commentary on Kant's Critik of Pure Reason. Translated from The History of Modern Philosophy, with an Introduction, Explanatory notes, and Appendices by John Pentland Mahaffy. London,1866. {New York: Garland Publishing Co.,1976}.

Vaihinger, Hans. Commentar zu Kants Kritik der Reinen Vernunft. Two volumes. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1892. {New York: Garland Publishing Co.,1976}.

Smith, Norman Kemp. A Commentary to Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason'. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1962.

Prichard, H.A. Kant's Theory of Knowledge. Oxford,1909. {New York: Garland Publishing Co.,1976}.

Wolff, Robert Paul. Kant's Theory of Mental Activity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963.

Allison, Henry E. Kant's Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Paton, H.J. Kant's Metaphysics of Experience. Two Volumes. London: Macmillan, 1936.

De Vleeschauwer, H.J. La deduction transcendentale dans l' oeuvre de Kant. Three Volumes. Antwerp, 1934-1937. {New York: Garland Publishing Co.,1976}.

Bird, Graham. Kant's Theory of Knowledge, an Outline of One Central Argument in the Critique of Pure Reason. London; Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962.

Al-Azm, Sadik. Kant's Theory of Time. New York: Philosophical Library, 1967.

Strawson, P.F. The Bounds of Sense, an Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. London: Methuen & Co.,1966.

Walsh, W.H. Kant's Criticism of Metaphysics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1975.

Kantian Ethical Thought. A Curricular Report and Annotated Bibliography Based on an NEH Summer Institute Exploring the Moral, Political, and Religious Views of Immanuel Kant. Tallahassee,Florida: The Council for Philosophical Studies, 1984.

Acton, H. . B. Kant's Moral Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, 1970.

Paton, H. J. The Categorical Imperative: a Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy. London: Hutchison's University Library, 1946.

Sullivan, Roger J. Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Wood, Allen W. Kant's Ethical Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Ross, W. D. Kant's Ethical Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954.

Teale, A. E. Kantian Ethics. New york: Oxford University Press, 1951.

Louden, Robert. Kant's Impure Ethics: From Rational Beings to Human Beings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Korsgaard, Christine M. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Hare, John E. The Moral Gap: Kantian Ethics, Human Limits, and God's Assistance. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

Hutchings, P.A.E. Kant on Absolute Value, a Critical Examination of Certain Key Notions in Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and of his Ontology of Personal Value. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1972.

Jones, Hardy. Kant's Principle of Personality. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.

Duncan, A.R.C. Practical Reason and Morality. Edinburgh: Nelson, 1957.

Wolff, Robert Paul. The Autonomy of Reason: a Commentary on Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. New York: Harper and Row, 1973.

Beck, Lewis White. A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Practical Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1963.

Gregor, Mary J. Laws of Freedom: a Study of Kant's Method of Applying the Categorical Imperative in the Metaphysik der Sitten. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1963.

Murphy, Jeffrie G. Kant: The Philosophy of Right. London: St. Martin's Press, 1970.

Knox, Israel. The Aesthetic Theories of Kant, Hegel, and Schopenhauer. London; Thames and Hudson, 1958.

Crawford, Donald W. Kant's Aesthetic Theory. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1974.

Coleman, Francis X.J. The Harmony of Reason: a Study in Kant's Aesthetics. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974.

Cassirer, H.W. A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Judgment. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1838,1970.

Macmillan, R.A.C. The Crowning Phase of the Critical Philosophy:, a Study in Kant's Critique of Judgment. London, 1912 {New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1976}.

Burnham, Douglas, An Introduction to Kant's Critique of Judgment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000.

Guyer, Paul, Kant and the Claims of Taste. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1979.

Cohen, Ted and Guyer, Paul (eds.). Essays in Kant's Aesthetics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982.

Schaper, Eva. Studies in Kant's Aesthetics. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh Press, 1979.

McCloskey, Mary A. Kant's Aesthetics. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.

Zammito, John H. The Genesis of Kant's Critique of Judgment. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Caygill, Howard. Art of Judgement.Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.

Saville, Anthony. Aesthetic Reconstructions: the Seminal Writings of Lessing, Kant, and Schiller. Aristotelian Society Series number 8. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987.

Wood, Allen W. Kant's Moral Religion. Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 1970.

Webb, C.C.J. Kant's Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926.

Seth, Andrew. The Development from Kant to Hegel, with chapters on the Philosophy of Religion. London,1882. {New York: Garland Publishing Co.,1976}

Sauer, Hans. Kant's Political Thought: Its Origins and Development. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1973.

Bohman, James and Lutz-Bachmann,Matthias (eds.).Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant's Cosmopolitan Ideal. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997.

May, J.A. Kant's Conception of Geography and its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1970.

Sedgwick, Sally (ed.). The Reception of Kant's Critical Philosophy: Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

EHD